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Medical Hypotheses Dec 2020At the end of 2019, a new kind of pneumonia which was proven to be supported by novel coronaviruses named SARS-CoV-2 emerges and it seems to be more complicate in its...
At the end of 2019, a new kind of pneumonia which was proven to be supported by novel coronaviruses named SARS-CoV-2 emerges and it seems to be more complicate in its clinical course and management. Related researches have demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 serves roles in respiratory, intestinal and neuronal diseases. Given the growing cases of COVID-19, analyzing the relevance between COVID-19 and fragile patients who suffer from bone destruction is entirely indispensable. Accordingly, the recapitulatory commentary is necessary to advance our knowledge on COVID-19 and orthopedics. In this article, we particularly clarify the possible relationship between the newly COVID-19 infection and bone lesions from the standpoints of dysimmunity and inflammatory storm.
Topics: Bone Diseases; Bone and Bones; COVID-19; Cytokines; Humans; Hypoxia; Immune System Diseases; Inflammation; Models, Theoretical; Orthopedics; Osteoblasts; Osteoclasts; Risk Factors
PubMed: 33039950
DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110332 -
Theranostics 2020Recently, the rapid development of biomaterials has induced great interest in the precisely targeted treatment of bone-related diseases, including bone cancers,...
Recently, the rapid development of biomaterials has induced great interest in the precisely targeted treatment of bone-related diseases, including bone cancers, infections, and inflammation. Realizing noninvasive therapeutic effects, as well as improving bone tissue regeneration, is essential for the success of bone‑related disease therapies. In recent years, researchers have focused on the development of stimuli-responsive strategies to treat bone-related diseases and to realize bone regeneration. Among the various external stimuli for targeted therapy, near infrared (NIR) light has attracted considerable interests due to its high tissue penetration capacity, minimal damage toward normal tissues, and easy remote control properties. The main objective of this systematic review was to reveal the current applications of NIR light-assisted phototherapy for bone-related disease treatment and bone tissue regeneration. Database collection was completed by June 1, 2020, and a total of 81 relevant studies were finally included. We outlined the various therapeutic applications of photothermal, photodynamic and photobiomodulation effects under NIR light irradiation for bone‑related disease treatment and bone regeneration, based on the retrieved literatures. In addition, the advantages and promising applications of NIR light-responsive drug delivery systems for spatiotemporal-controlled therapy were summarized. These findings have revealed that NIR light-assisted phototherapy plays an important role in bone-related disease treatment and bone tissue regeneration, with significant promise for further biomedical and clinical applications.
Topics: Animals; Bone Diseases; Bone Regeneration; Bone and Bones; Clinical Trials as Topic; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Delivery Systems; Humans; Infrared Rays; Low-Level Light Therapy; Nanoparticles; Photochemotherapy; Photothermal Therapy; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 33052249
DOI: 10.7150/thno.49784 -
Mediators of Inflammation 2015Several inflammatory diseases have been associated with increased bone resorption and fracture rates and different studies supported the relation between inflammatory... (Review)
Review
Several inflammatory diseases have been associated with increased bone resorption and fracture rates and different studies supported the relation between inflammatory cytokines and osteoclast activity. The main factor required for osteoclast activation is the stimulation by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) expressed on osteoblasts. In this context, interleukin- (IL-) 1β, one of the most powerful proinflammatory cytokines, is a strong stimulator of in vitro and in vivo bone resorption via upregulation of RANKL that stimulates the osteoclastogenesis. The resulting effects lead to an imbalance in bone metabolism favouring bone resorption and osteoporosis. In this paper, we review the available literature on the role of IL-1β in the pathogenesis of bone loss. Furthermore, we analysed the role of IL-1β in bone resorption during rheumatic diseases and, when available, we reported the efficacy of anti-IL-1β therapy in this field.
Topics: Animals; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Autoimmune Diseases; Bone Resorption; Bone and Bones; Cytokines; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin-1beta; Ligands; Osteoclasts; Osteomyelitis; Rheumatic Diseases; Spondylarthritis
PubMed: 25954061
DOI: 10.1155/2015/782382 -
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery.... Jul 2020Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging pandemic disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although the majority of...
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging pandemic disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although the majority of patients who become infected with SARS-CoV-2 are asymptomatic or have mild symptoms, some patients develop severe symptoms that can permanently detract from their quality of life. SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to SARS-CoV-1, which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Both viruses infect the respiratory system, and there are direct and indirect effects of this infection on multiple organ systems, including the musculoskeletal system. Epidemiological data from the SARS pandemic of 2002 to 2004 identified myalgias, muscle dysfunction, osteoporosis, and osteonecrosis as common sequelae in patients with moderate and severe forms of this disease. Early studies have indicated that there is also considerable musculoskeletal dysfunction in some patients with COVID-19, although long-term follow-up studies have not yet been conducted. The purpose of this article was to summarize the known musculoskeletal pathologies in patients with SARS or COVID-19 and to combine this with computational modeling and biochemical signaling studies to predict musculoskeletal cellular targets and long-term consequences of the SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; Betacoronavirus; Bone and Bones; COVID-19; Computer Simulation; Coronavirus Infections; Humans; Joints; Muscle Weakness; Muscle, Skeletal; Musculoskeletal System; Myalgia; Pandemics; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Pneumonia, Viral; SARS-CoV-2; Serine Endopeptidases
PubMed: 32675661
DOI: 10.2106/JBJS.20.00847 -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy May 2019Dalbavancin is a lipoglycopeptide with potent activity against Gram-positive microorganisms, a long half-life, a favorable safety profile, and a high concentration in...
Dalbavancin is a lipoglycopeptide with potent activity against Gram-positive microorganisms, a long half-life, a favorable safety profile, and a high concentration in bone, which makes it an interesting alternative for treatment of osteoarticular infections. We performed a multicentric retrospective study of all patients with an osteoarticular infection (septic arthritis, spondylodiscitis, osteomyelitis, or orthopedic implant-related infection) treated with at least one dose of dalbavancin between 2016 and 2017 in 30 institutions in Spain. In order to evaluate the response, patients with or without an orthopedic implant were separated. A total of 64 patients were included. and were the most frequent microorganisms. The reasons for switching to dalbavancin were simplification (53.1%), adverse events (25%), or failure (21.9%). There were 7 adverse events, and no patient had to discontinue dalbavancin. In 45 cases, infection was related to an orthopedic implant. The implant material was retained in 23 cases, including that in 15 (65.2%) patients that were classified as cured and 8 (34.8%) that presented improvement. In 21 cases, the implants were removed, including those in 16 (76.2%) cases that were considered successes, 4 (19%) cases were considered improved, and 1 (4.8%) case that was considered a failure. Among the 19 cases without implants, 14 (73.7%) were considered cured, 3 (15.8%) were considered improved, and 2 (10.5%) were considered failures. The results show that dalbavancin is a well-tolerated antibiotic, even when >2 doses are administered, and is associated with a high cure rate. These are preliminary data with a short follow-up; therefore, it is necessary to gain more experience and, in the future, to establish the most appropriate dose and frequency.
Topics: Aged; Bone and Bones; Female; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Humans; Joints; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Osteomyelitis; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Teicoplanin
PubMed: 30858217
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.02280-18 -
Journal of Orthopaedic Research :... Feb 2021The past 15 years have witnessed a renaissance in the study of the microbes that colonize the human body. The vast majority of the human microbiome resides within the... (Review)
Review
The past 15 years have witnessed a renaissance in the study of the microbes that colonize the human body. The vast majority of the human microbiome resides within the gut. Alterations to the gut microbiome have been associated with the pathogenesis and progression of wide-ranging diseases throughout the body-including atherosclerosis, depression, and obesity. Our understanding of the effects of the gut microbiome on the musculoskeletal system remains in its infancy, but preclinical work has demonstrated an effect of the gut microbiome on the success of orthopedic surgical procedures, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and muscle mass. In this perspective I review preclinical findings demonstrating that an impaired presurgical gut microbiome can increase the likelihood of developing periprosthetic joint infection and how alterations in the gut microbiome can reduce bone strength by impairing bone tissue material properties. In addition to discussing these examples, I review the hypothesis that many chronic non-communicable diseases have become more prevalent in modern industrialized societies as a result of changes in the composition of the gut microbiome resulting from changes in environment/lifestyle (diet, sanitation, antibiotic use). The most burdensome musculoskeletal disorders are chronic and non-communicable and may therefore be related to generational shifts in the composition of the gut microbiome, a possibility I illustrate by reviewing changes in the prevalence of osteoarthritis over the last century. Microbiome-based therapeutics are potentially innocuous, inexpensive, and have the potential to be effective with only occasional use, making them attractive for addressing the needs of chronic and/or slowly progressing musculoskeletal disorders.
Topics: Animals; Bone and Bones; Chronic Disease; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Musculoskeletal Diseases; Orthopedics; Prevalence; Prosthesis-Related Infections
PubMed: 33245146
DOI: 10.1002/jor.24927 -
Frontiers in Bioscience (Elite Edition) Jun 2010The available data indicate that HIV-infected children and adolescents have reduced bone mass compared to healthy peers. The increased survival due to the control of HIV... (Review)
Review
The available data indicate that HIV-infected children and adolescents have reduced bone mass compared to healthy peers. The increased survival due to the control of HIV infection by potent antiretroviral treatment, exposes patients to the achievement of a reduced peak bone mass and to an increased fracture risk during adult life. Reduced bone mass in HIV-infected children is the result of altered bone metabolism, showing significantly increased bone resorption rate. Both infection per se and the use of certain antiretroviral compounds seem to contribute to the altered metabolism. Preventative measures to improve bone health are thus necessary in all young patients that exhibit low bone mass measurements and altered bone metabolism.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Bone Density; Bone and Bones; Child; HIV Infections; Humans; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 20515800
DOI: 10.2741/e188 -
European Cells & Materials Jun 2021Starting in the mid-eighties, the AO (from the German "Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen") Research Institute (ARI), Davos, Switzerland together with the... (Review)
Review
Starting in the mid-eighties, the AO (from the German "Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen") Research Institute (ARI), Davos, Switzerland together with the commercial partners of the AO Foundation embarked on a decade-long project to design, develop, test in experimental animals and human clinical trials as well as bring to clinical use a new system for surgical osteosynthesis. The new plating system, what became known as the Point Contact Fixator (PC-Fix), addressed the shortcomings of the conventional plating by Dynamic Compression Plate (DCP) discovered either by careful examination of the clinical complications or by chance observation and informed inquiry in experimental animals. The focus was on avoiding iatrogenic damage to bone vascularisation caused by the implant design and mechanical function and, thus, aiding efforts of surgeons to preserve vital bone tissue needed for healing. Infections have been and will remain a great concern in all surgery. Preservation of blood perfusion of traumatised bone is of paramount importance to reduce the risk of infection, especially in view of the emergence and the accelerated spread of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Prof. Stephan Perren led this project in all its stages with his unique insight and wisdom. Unfortunately, due to the complex interplay of factors guiding the interests of the AO Foundation and its commercial partners, the findings of the PC-Fix project became watered down with implant systems that followed the DCP. The message of "keep the perfusion" faded into "lock the screws". The potential benefits of PC-Fix have been lost for millions of trauma patients.
Topics: Animals; Bone Plates; Bone and Bones; Fracture Fixation, Internal; Fracture Healing; Humans
PubMed: 34096011
DOI: 10.22203/eCM.v041a41 -
Current Opinion in Biotechnology Oct 2011As tissue engineering becomes more of a clinical reality through the ongoing bench to bedside transition, research in this field must focus on addressing relevant... (Review)
Review
As tissue engineering becomes more of a clinical reality through the ongoing bench to bedside transition, research in this field must focus on addressing relevant clinical situations. Although most in vivo work in the area of bone tissue engineering focuses on bone regeneration within sterile, surgically created defects, there is a growing need for the investigation of bone tissue engineering approaches within contaminated or scarred wound beds, such as those that may be encountered following traumatic injury or during delayed reconstruction/regeneration. Significant work has been performed in the area of local drug delivery via biomaterial carriers, but there is little intersection in the available literature between antibiotic delivery and tissue regeneration. In this review, we examine recent advances in segmental bone defect animal models, bone tissue engineering, and drug delivery with the goal of identifying promising approaches and areas needing further investigation towards developing both a better understanding of and new tissue engineering approaches for addressing infection control while simultaneously initiating bone regeneration.
Topics: Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Bone Regeneration; Bone and Bones; Models, Animal; Osteomyelitis; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 21354782
DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.02.005 -
Current Osteoporosis Reports Dec 2019Staphylococcus aureus is the primary pathogen responsible for osteomyelitis, which remains a major healthcare burden. To understand its dominance, here we review the... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Staphylococcus aureus is the primary pathogen responsible for osteomyelitis, which remains a major healthcare burden. To understand its dominance, here we review the unique pathogenic mechanisms utilized by S. aureus that enable it to cause incurable osteomyelitis.
RECENT FINDINGS
Using an arsenal of toxins and virulence proteins, S. aureus kills and usurps immune cells during infection, to produce non-neutralizing pathogenic antibodies that thwart adaptive immunity. S. aureus also has specific mechanisms for distinct biofilm formation on implants, necrotic bone tissue, bone marrow, and within the osteocyte lacuno-canicular networks (OLCN) of live bone. In vitro studies have also demonstrated potential for intracellular colonization of osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. S. aureus has evolved a multitude of virulence mechanisms to achieve life-long infection of the bone, most notably colonization of OLCN. Targeting S. aureus proteins involved in these pathways could provide new targets for antibiotics and immunotherapies.
Topics: Abscess; Adaptive Immunity; B-Lymphocytes; Biofilms; Bone and Bones; Humans; Immune Evasion; Immunity, Cellular; Immunity, Humoral; Osteoblasts; Osteoclasts; Osteocytes; Osteomyelitis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcal Protein A; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 31721069
DOI: 10.1007/s11914-019-00548-4